Modern sowing games

Modern sowing games are often modifications of traditional mancala games. In contrast to traditional games, their rules are handed down by written records rather than by talking and their inventor is still known.

Some invented games may, however, be turned into traditional games through a process called 'folklorization' in social sciences. Kalah is already firmly rooted in the popular culture of America and Germany.

The birth of modern sowing games is linked to the rise of capitalism and the game industry (see Mangola and Chuba). Several games were patented (e.g. Banking Ball Game, Robertson's Mancala Game, and Balduman's Mancala Game), although only a few of them were eventually marketed (Kalah). Many games were designed by mathematicians as research problems, but may not be very playable for humans (Ioiwari, Stones in Cups, Nano-Wari). The advent of the internet made it far more easier to communicate new rules and so fostered an unprecedented growth of new games.

These modern games often employ totally new concepts which makes it increasingly difficult to define them as mancala games, so the more general term "sowing games" is used here instead. There are games with reverse sowing (Bulgarian Solitaire and its variants), simultaneous sowing (55Stones), cards (Octagon, Druidenwalzer, Rondell), and stacking (Rondell, Martian Mancala, Pyramidis). Several games are using a two-dimensional board topology. And yet, many invented games are still defined along the characteristics of traditional ones (sowing, cycles, undifferentiated counters, one-dimensional board topology). Most often they are variants of Oware or Dakon as these traditional mancala games are best known in Europe and America.

The tables below list 196 games.

One-dimensional Games

Solitaires

Games, which can only be played by a single person.

Game	Year	Inventor	Country	Laps	Goal	Additional Information
Montenegrinisches Mancala	2010	Rüdeger Baumann	Germany	single	repetition of position	variant of Stones in Cups; inspired by Mancala Solitaire (2) (another math-related mancala game by Roland Schröder)
Solitaire Mancala	2008	Tom Bylander	USA	single	as few moves as possible	variant of Monokalah, but independently inspired by Kalah
Mancala Solitaire (2)	2005	Roland Schröder	Germany	single	discovering mathematical laws	variant of Stones in Cups
Sämann	2005	Michael Engel	Austria	single	capturing counters	---
Random Bulgarian Solitaire	2003	Serguei Popov	Brazil	single	repetition of position	reverse sowing
Carolina Solitaire	1997	Andrej Andreev	Bulgaria	single	repetition of position	reverse sowing
Yann's Mancala Problem	1997	David Yann	France	single	connecting positions	solved (yes)
Circular Composition	1995	Rocco Servedio and Yeong-Nan Yeh	Taiwan	single	repetition of position	variant of Stones in Cups
Stones in Cups	1992	Barry Cipra	USA	single	repetition of the initial position after all the counters wind up in the original pit	mathematical problem
Montreal Solitaire	1990	Chris Cannings and John Haigh	UK	single	repetition of position	reverse sowing
Austrian Solitaire	1985	Ethan Akin and Morton David Davis	USA	single	repetition of position	reverse sowing
Deterministic Bulgarian Solitaire	1980	(?)	Russia	single	repetition of position	reverse sowing
Mancala Solitaire (1)	1979	Evan Lewis	New Zealand	multi	empty pits	first published in Games & Puzzles
Monokalah	1977	Véronique Gautheron	France	single	empty pits	a variant of Tchoukaillon
Multitchouka	1977	Véronique Gautheron	France	multi	empty pits	a variant of Tchoukaillon
Tchoukaillon	1977	Véronique Gautheron	France	single	empty pits	a variant of Tchuka Ruma
Tchuka Ruma	pre-1892	Édouard Lucas (?)	France	multiple	empty pits	a variant of Dakon

Two-player Games

Games, which must be played by two persons.

Game	Year	Inventor	Country	Laps	Goal	Additional Information
Duovallis	2012	Frederik Adams	Germany	multi	moving last	four-row game with unusual distribution path
Chesscala	2011	Francois Tremblay & David Mustoe	USA	single	capturing counters	a hybrid of Chess and Mancala
F.I.L.O	2011	Richard Hutnik	USA	single	last move (+ 2 special winning conditions)	one-row game with stacking; original game was flawed, but two rules changes are suggested by the author to fix the problem
Arkaneum Merchant	2010	Emir Fithri Bin Samsuddin	Malaysia	single	capturing counters	Kalah variant for iPhone or iPod touch 2.2.1 or later
Dogon	2010	Ralf Gering	Germany	single	capturing counters	Oware variant
Dracala	2010	Ralf Gering	Germany	single	capturing counters	Kalah variant
Toguz Poddavki	2010	Ralf Gering	Germany	single	capturing counters	Toguz Kumalak variant
10 Mighty Men	2009	Ken Maher	Canada	single	capturing counters	spiced-up game system based on Ayoayo
Armada	2009	(?)	USA	single	capturing counters	Kalah spiced-up with random events
Tuca Tuca	2009	Christoph Breitbach	Germany	multiple	capturing counters	first modern game, which employs "Indian-style" sowing
BalaGwari	2008	Colin Leamon	UK	single	capturing counters	also named "QuatreCala"
Biwele	2008	Luca Cerrato	Italy	multi	capturing counters	inspired by Bechi
Trias	2008	Ralf Gering	Germany	multi	moving last	three rows; based on Judaeo-Christian numerology
Afro-Celt Mancala System	2007	Richard Hutnik	USA	single	capturing counters	based on the Stonehenge game
Manji	2007	Ralf Gering	Germany	multi	capturing counters	based on Buddhist philosophy
Volcano Race	2007	Jonathan Hartshorn	USA	single	capturing counters	Kalah variant with Icehouse pieces (first called Martian Mancala)
mikro tsoro	2007	Matthias Liszt	Austria	multi	capturing counters	-
Zig Zag	2007	Amanda Joy Lemons and Clark Daniel Rodeffer	USA	multi	capturing counters	-
Misère 55Stones	2006	Ralf Gering	Germany	multi	capturing counters	simultaneous moves; shared pits; no draws
Awele Bohnanza	2006	Silvano Sorrentino	Italy	single	capturing counters	Oware variant
Bao 6x2	2006	Xevi Noè i Nogueiras	Spain	multiple	capturing counters	---
Cranium Grab & Go Mancala Mania - Purple Stone Variant	2006	(?)	USA	single	capturing counters	Kalah variant
Diffusion	2006	Mark Steere	USA	single	empty pits	Kalah variant; overlapping cycles; no draws
Four-rank Diffusion	2006	Mark Steere	USA	single	empty pits	Kalah variant; overlapping cycles; no draws
Kariba	2006	Frank Stark	Germany	single	capturing counters	Cups variant
Kauri	2006	Ralf Gering	Germany	single	capturing counters	-
long night game	2006	Matthias Liszt	Austria	multi	capturing counters	Vai Lung Thlan variant
Da Vinci's Mancala	2005	Paul Micarelli and Vivienne Springer	USA	single	pattern-building; capturing counters	Kalah variant
Kalawacki	2005	Sandra Aleksieva, Jenny Arrsjö, Daniel Björk, Markus Dahlström, Henrik Vrenning	Sweden	single	capturing counters	variant of Kalah; luck
Mancala Spellorama	2005	Tracey Wood	Canada	multi	capturing counters and spelling words	spelling game; Sungka variant
Michael's Parteiisches Rondell	2005	Michael Reitz	Germany	both	capturing counters	card game with perfect information; stacking game; no draws
Michael's Rondell	2005	Michael Reitz	Germany	both	capturing counters	card game with perfect information; stacking game; shared pits; no draws
Michael's Rondell mit Reservierung	2005	Michael Reitz	Germany	both	capturing counters	card game with perfect information; stacking game; shared pits; no draws
Parteiisches Rondell	2005	Ralf Gering	Germany	both	capturing counters	card game with perfect information; stacking game; no draws
Rondell	2005	Ralf Gering	Germany	both	capturing counters	card game with perfect information; stacking game; subvariant with shared pits; no draws
Rondell mit Reservierung	2005	Ralf Gering	Germany	both	capturing counters	card game with perfect information; stacking game; shared pits; no draws
Afrika	2004	Ralf Gering	Germany	single	capturing counters	-
El Mirall	2004	(?)	Catalonia	single	repetition of the initial position	game of coordination; solitaire-like; no winners or losers
Geisterfahrer	2004	Ralf Gering	Germany	both	no move	Kalah variant; no draws
Pas de Deux	2004	Ralf Gering	Germany	single	capturing counters	Oware variant; double-moves
Progressive Mancala	2004	Ralf Gering	Germany	multi	capturing counters	progressive moves; shared pits; no draws
Superwari	2004	Bill Taylor	New Zealand	single	capturing counters	Oware variant
Two-handed Bulgarian Solitaire	2004	Tim Bancroft	USA	single	repetition of position	reverse sowing
55Stones	2002	Ralf Gering	Germany	multi	capturing counters	simultaneous moves; shared pits; no draws
Canicas	2002	Walter Joris	Belgium	single	making territory	paper-and-pencil game
Cross-Endodoi	2002	William Daniel Troyka	USA	multi	capturing counters	-
Martian Mancala	2002	Dave Mattingly	USA	multi	capturing counters	Sungka variant with Icehouse pieces
Tornado	2002	Walter Joris	Belgium	single	last move	paper-and-pencil game; Cirk variant
Cross-Kalah	2001	William Daniel Troyka	USA	single	capturing counters	Kalah variant
Cross-Wari	2001	William Daniel Troyka	USA	single	capturing counters	Oware variant
Hackaback	2001	Andrew B. Perkis	UK	single	last move	unequal forces
Ioiwari	2001	Gyula Horvath	Hungary	single	capturing counters	solved (first-player win)
MiniMancala	2001	Christian Freeling	Netherlands	single	last move	solved (draw)
Numercy	2000	Sam Nooh K. Al-Jajjoka	UK	both	ending moves in certain holes	abacus-like game for learning addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers
Druidenwalzer	1999	Michael Rieneck	Germany	single	capturing holes	card game imitating a mancala game (Druidenwalzer = Sowing)
Eppstein's Mancala Game	1999	David Eppstein	USA	single	unable to move	reverse sowing; no draws
étoile	1999	Michael Palm	Germany	single	pattern	cross-over between Four-in-a-Row and mancala games; stacking
Slangenspel	1999	Fred Horn	Netherlands	single	capturing counters	intertwisted rows
Banan-Cala	1998	Vince Kurr	USA	single	capturing counters	Kalah variant
Cirk	1998	Corné van Moorsel	Netherlands	single	last move	shared pits; no draws
Kid-Cala (Beginner's Version)	1998	Vince Kurr	USA	single	empty pits	Kalah variant
Atomic Wari	1996	Jeff Erickson	USA	single	last move	Oware variant; shared pits
Nyakun	1996	Didier Guillion	France	single	capturing counters	Vai Lung Thlan variant
Partisan Sowing	1996	Jeff Erickson	USA	single	last move	Sowing with partisan counters
Reaping	1996	Jeff Erickson	USA	single	last move	reverse Sowing
Widdershins	1996	David Parlett	UK	both	capturing counters	card game
Amboseli Game	1995	Ringo Skibbe	Germany	multi	last move	name = exotism
Sowing	1994	John Horton Conway	USA	single	last move	first one-rank mancala game; shared pits
Awari	1991	L. Victor Allis, Maarten van der Meulen, and H. Jaap van den Herik	Netherlands, USA	single	capturing counters	Oware variant made by Computer scientists; solved game (perfect play is a draw)
Catch 19	1981	(?)	USA	single	capturing counters	stacking
Glass Bead Game	1979	Christian Freeling	Netherlands	single	capturing counters	Oware variant
Micro-Wari	1977	Assia Popova and André Deledicq	France	single	capturing counters	one of the smallest mancala games
Nano-Wari	1977	Assia Popova and André Deledicq	France	single	repetition of board position	game of contemplation; smallest mancala game; no winners or losers; solved
Sahara	1976	(?)	Germany	single	capturing counters	Kalah variant
Mankka	1975	Kent Barker	Canada	single	capturing counters	-
Ägyptisches Muschelspiel	1972	(?)	Germany	single	last move	name = exoticism
Coin Duel	late 1960s	Arthur and Wald Amberstone	USA	multi	capturing counters	Sungka variant
Cups	1965	Arthur and Wald Amberstone	USA	single	capturing counters	Kalah variant
Fergen Goobalay	late 1950s	(?)	Somalia	multi	capturing counters	variant of Layli Goobalay; neutral holes
Banking Ball Game	1941	Serge B. Escuadra	USA	single	capturing counters	similar to Kalah
Kalah	1940	William Julius Champion Jr.	USA	single	capturing counters	the most popular modern mancala game; often just called "mancala"; Sungka variant
Robertson's Mancala Game	1936	Frederick Henry Robertson	Jamaica	single	capturing counters	Oware variant
Chuba	1891	Erwin H. Richards	USA	multi	last move	four-rank mancala game heavily based on Tchouba (Mozambique); no draws

Group Games (>2 Players)

This includes two-player games and solitaires, which can be played by 3 and more people.

Game	Year	Inventor	Country	Players	Laps	Goal	Additional Information
Elementalist	2013	Robert Roskam	USA	2-6	single	capturing	"circular casting" resembles the sowing of mancala games
Round Trip	2013	David Short	USA	4	single	completing goals	active cubes are placed in each space they wish to bypass, which resembles the sowing of mancala games; game of luck
Bag of Bones	2011	Joshua Conroy	USA	2-4	single	conquering "graves"	first called "Bone Pile"; hidden information
Wendy im Galopp	2009	Kirsten Hiese	Germany	2-4	single	capturing counters	beautiful theme
Orancala	2006	Sjaak Griffioen	Netherlands	2-4	single	capturing counters	Oware variant commercialized as "Florancala" in 2010
Spectral Reapers	2006	Clark Daniel Rodeffer	USA	2-6	single	capturing counters	experimental
Tippy's Mancala Game	2006	Gary Tippy	USA	2-4	multiple	capturing counters	involving luck (moves are determined by a spinner)
Trip-n-Trap	2006	Juan Rosado-Galarza	Puerto Rico	2-6	multi	capturing counters	---
Cow Poke	2005	Clark Daniel Rodeffer	USA	2-6	single	capturing counters	card game; luck
Pipeline	2005	Jay Laird	USA	2-5	single	capturing counters	Oware variant; flawed
4-Player Mancala	2001 (?)	Gary MacLeod (?)	USA	2-4	single	capturing counters	Kalah variant
Tea Party	2001	Clark Daniel Rodeffer	USA	2 or 4	none	capturing counters	most irregular game; no draws; experimental
Nasty Crossroads	early 2000s	Sue and Joe Hanson	USA	4	single	capturing counters	cross-shaped board
Basic Crossroads	early 2000s	Sue and Joe Hanson	USA	4	single	capturing counters	cross-shaped board
Bao Arabica	1998	Matthias Kumpernaß	Germany	2-4	single	capturing counters	name = exoticism; Oware variant
Calady	1998	Alexander H. Slocum	USA	4	single	capturing counters	cross-shaped board; Kalah variant (versions 1-2); Oware variant (version 3)
HyperCalady	1998	Joe Foley	USA	4	single	capturing counters	cross-shaped board; Kalah variant
Space Walk	1997	Rüdiger Dorn	Germany	2-5	single	retaining counters and chips	Kalah variant; double-moves
Njaka's Mancala Game	1991	Dim Njaka	USA	2-4	multi	capturing counters	Ba-awa variant
Pyramidis	1988	Roland Siegers	Belgium	2 or 4	single	removing five pyramids of your own color	cross-shaped, if played by 4 players; stacking
Gulek	1987	Michael Winkelmann	Austria	2-6	single	capturing counters	circular track
Quindo	1984	Hajo Bücken	Germany	1-n	single	removing all the counters	co-operative game (either everybody wins or everybody loses)
Balduman's Mancala Game	1979	Agapito B. Balduman	USA	2-3	multi	capturing counters	Sungka variant
Pass It On	1978	(?)	USA	2-4	single	empty pits; penalty points	variant of Ruma and Kalah; no draws
Octagon	1975	Matt Crispis	UK (?)	2-5	single	capturing counters	card game
Swahili	1968	(?)	USA	2-4	both	capturing counters	name = exoticism; similar to Kalah and Sungka
Grand Arabian Oh-Wah-Ree	1962	Alex Randolph	USA	2-4	multiple	capturing holes	ordinary pits can be turned into stores
Grand Coastal Oh-Wah-Ree	1962	Alex Randolph	USA	2-4	single	capturing holes	Oware variant
Grand Dog-Gone Oh-Wah-Ree	1962	Alex Randolph	USA	2-4	multiple	capturing holes	Ba-awa variant
Grand Oh-Wah-Ree	1962	Alex Randolph	USA	2-4	single	capturing holes	Oware variant
Oh-Wah-Ree	1962	Alex Randolph	USA	2-4	single	capturing counters	Oware variant
Ruma	1930s	Mr Punga	Belgium (as of place of first publication)	2-4	single	empty pits; penalty points	precursor of Pass It On and possibly Kalah; marketed in 1956 as "Dead Pan"; no draws

Two-dimensional Games

Solitaires

Games, which can only be played by a single person.

Game	Year	Inventor	Country	Laps	Goal	Additional Information
Vertigo	2008	Bernard Vander Beken	Belgium	single	pattern-building	Volcano variant; solitaire
Solitaire Volcano	2000 (?)	Kristin Looney (?)	USA	single	capturing counters	Solitaire variant of Volcano

Two-player Games

Games, which must be played by two persons.

Game	Year	Inventor	Country	Laps	Goal	Additional Information
Kala	2013	Daniel Krieg & Steffen Mühlhäuser	Germany	single	making the last move	part of the game system "COPA"
Sow and Erode	2013	Richard Hutnik	USA	single	capturing counters	round board with four circles of 16 spaces each; stacking game with perfect information in which the board position "erodes" and leaves the players fewer and fewer options
Caduceus	2011	Bill Taylor	New Zealand	single	last move	mancala-like "leave-a-trail" mechanic akin to sowing
Dorn Bones	2011	Jon Ivar Toennesen	Norway	single	capturing	the attacked player leaves one disc on each space
Graveyard Shift	2011	Isaiah Tanenbaum	USA	single	capturing ("collecting four body parts")	players try to create the Frankenstein monster
Sow?	2011	Richard Hutnik	USA	single	bearing-off	played on half a checkerboard
Amoeba	2010	Masahiro Nakajima	Japan	single	chess variant	stacking game
Freedom	2010	Veljko Cirovic & Nebojsa Sankovic	Serbia	single	territory	leave-a-trail mechanism
Mini Quincala Knocking	2010	Ulf Åberg	Sweden	multiple	capturing	stacking
Murus Gallicus	2009	Phillip Leduc	USA	single	breakthrough	game with impenetrable walls reminiscent of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars
Storm	2009	Martin Windischer	Austria	single	become immobilized	challenging game
The Colony	2008	Jeph Stahl	Canada	multiple	capturing counters	beautiful theme
Seo's Unknown Game	2007 (?)	(?)	China (?)	single	last move	"leave-a-trail" mechanism akin to sowing
Fishpond Mancala	2007	Donald Philip Green	USA	single	capturing counters; pattern-building	published variant of Stoplight Mancala
Doncala	2006	Donald Green	USA	single	capturing counters; pattern-building	variant of Stoplight Mancala
Stoplight Mancala	2006	Donald Green	USA	single	capturing counters; pattern-building	---
Hexano	2005	Jeremiah Wittevrongel	Canada	single	capturing counters	variant of Volcano
Hexano-Duel	2005	Jeremiah Wittevrongel	Canada	single	capturing counters	variant of Volcano
Two-dimensional Sowing	1996	Jeff Erickson	USA	single	last move	variant of Sowing
Exxit	2003	Vincent Everaert	France	single	largest territory	sowing mechanism is called "dancing"
Blue Nile	2002	William Daniel Troyka	USA	single	moving last	shared sowing
BigBasin	2001	William I. Chang	USA	single	reach a position	experimental game; variant of Cascades; "leave-a-trail" mechanism akin to mancala-like sowing
Buku	2001	Jorge Gomez Arrausi	Spain	single	capturing counters	played on a Chess board
Cascades	2001	William I. Chang	USA	single	larger territory	"leave-a-trail" mechanism akin to mancala-like sowing; broken
Snail Trail	2001	Don Philip Green	USA	single	larger territory	"leave-a-trail" mechanism akin to mancala-like sowing
UnStack	2001	João Pedro Neto	Portugal	single	capturing counters	stacking
Slime-Moku	early 2000s	Bill Taylor (?)	New Zealand (?)	single	pattern building	"shared" sowing
Cash in Hand	2000	Cameron Bolitho Browne	Australia	single	capturing counters	two-dimensional; flawed game; move mechanism reminiscent of mancala
Nanelé	2000	Xevi Noè i Nogueiras & his friend Guerre	Spain	multiple	capturing counters	---
Tumbling Down	2000	Michael Shuck	USA	single	capturing counters	stacking
Inchworm	2000	Clark D. Rodeffer	USA	single	capturing counters	stacking; flawed
Classic Quincala	1997	Ulf Åberg	Sweden	multiple	reach a position	stacking; based on an idea from 1977
Conga	1995	Martin Franke	Germany	single	pattern	cross-over between Four-in-a-Row and mancala games
Slimetrail	1992	Bill Taylor	New Zealand	single	reach a position	first game with "shared" sowing that leaves a common track
Tower of Power	1976	Michael Baldwin	UK	single	capturing counters	stacking
Intermedium	1976	Matt Crispis	UK	single	capturing a given hole	Chess-like

Group Games (>2 Players)

This includes two-player games and solitaires, which can be played by 3 and more people.

Game	Year	Inventor	Country	Players	Laps	Goal	Additional Information
Five Tribes	2014	Bruno Cathala	France	2-4	single	to control the legendary Sultanate of Naqala	All meeples are removed from a tile and after that distributed one at a time orthogonally, which is similar to the sowing in mancala games
Attack of the Mutant Moss from Outer Space!	2011	Ian Hedberg	(?)	4	single	reaching a space adjacent to a hole in the fence (moss & zombie team)	the moss is grown similar to the sowing in mancala games; two teams (one of them controlling the moss and the zombies, the other one the grave robbers); game of luck using dice
Lurch	2011	Dan Lepage	(?)	2-6	single	capturing "zombies"	A stack of zombies is moved any number of spaces in any direction, leaving one zombie behind on each hex you pass through.
Rum Run	2011	Alex Coulombe	USA	2-4	single	claiming barrels	Mancala-like sowing of rum "barrels" (video)
The Walking Dead	2011	Keith Tralins and Brian David-Marshall	2011	1-6	single	reaching some locations	A trail of zombies is left behind.
Trajan	2011	Stefan Feld	Germany	2-4	single	acquire "victory points"	Euro-style game with mancala-like sowing (video)
Tricala	2011	Myles Wallace	USA	2-3	multiple	capturing counters & pattern-building	played on an equilateral triangular board (instructional video)
Zombie Shuffle	2011	David Spieth	USA	2-4	single	capturing counters to complete a "zombie"	game of incomplete information
Caldera	2010	Kristin Looney	USA	2-4	single	capturing counters	Volcano variant
Iceland Volcano	2010	Jan Divecky	Czech Republic	2-4	single	capturing counters	Volcano variant
The Doldrums	2010	Zac Dettwyler	USA	3+	single	"ending the story"	a role-playing game of "caste warfare, alliances, and lonely heroes"
KASKA	2008	Andreas E. Verweyen	Germany	2-4	single	capturing counters	one of the smallest boards; flawed
Scrambled Volcano	2008	Jim Dunaway	USA	2-4	single	capturing counters	Volcano variant
Coastercano	2007	James M Hazelton III	(?)	2-4	single	capturing counters	Mega Volcano variant with treehouse dies
Plain Earth Volcano	2007	(?)	(?)	2-4	single	capturing counters	Volcano variant
THI`	2007	Andreas E. Verweyen	Germany	2, 4	single	bearing off	stacking game; first called "Transporter"
Calcala	2006	Lloyd Krassner	USA	2-4	multiple	capturing counters	interesting rules
Melting Volcano	2006	Roy Levien	USA	1-6	single	capturing counters	Volcano variant
Ubervolcano	2006	Adam Kopczenski	USA	2-4	single	capturing counters	variant of Volcano
Volcano Island	2006	Simon Graham	UK	3-4	single	largest territory (expressed by "settlements", "villages", "towns" and "cities")	two lava flows ("leave a trail" mechanism akin to mancala)
Wayfinder	2006	Benjamin Corliss	USA	1-4	single	capturing counters	real time element
Compass Volcano	2005	Nate Straight	USA	2-4	single	capturing counters	variant of Volcano
Louis XIV	2005	Rüdiger Dorn	Germany	2-4	single	largest territory	some squares can only be reached if stones are left on their way behind ("leave a trail" mechanic)
Mega Hexano	2005	Jeremiah Wittevrongel	Canada	2-4	single	capturing counters	variant of Volcano
Raubritter	2005	Rüdiger Dorn	Germany	2-4	single	largest territory	also called "Robber Knights"
Goa	2004	Rüdiger Dorn	Germany	2-4	single	better resource management	auction game; "leave a trail" mechanic (Auction marks are communally placed leaving a trail behind.)
Mini Volcano	2003	Ryan McGuire	USA	1-4	single	capturing counters	variant of Volcano
Mega Volcano	2002 (?)	Andrew L. Looney (?)	USA	1-6	single	capturing counters	variant of Volcano
Devil Bunny Hates The Earth	2001	James Ernest	USA	2-5	single	capturing; moving "Devil Bunny" to your machine	dice game; luck; shared pits, pentagonal board
Die Händler von Genua	2001	Rüdiger Dorn	Germany	2-5	single	most precious territory ("buildings")	negotion game; "leave a trail" mechanic (The merchant must leave a disc behind on each space that the tower visits, which can move up to four spaces each turn.)
Snake Pit	early 2000s	Bill Taylor (?)	New Zealand (?)	3	single	moving last	"shared" sowing
Volcano	2000	Kristin Looney	USA	1-6	single	capturing counters	abstract Icehouse game
Esiema	1989	Michael Winkelmann	Austria	2-9	single	capturing counters	---
Contigo	1974	Frank Thibault	USA	4	single	capturing the opponents' "key pawns"	cross between mancala and n-in-a-row games
Myra	1955	Michael Winkelmann	Austria	2-3	single	capturing the enemy king	Chess variant; different ways of moving including sowing and reverse sowing

Important Notes

• An Oware variant is any single-lap game in which two or three stones are captured (this is a rather inclusive definition).
• A Ba-awa variant is any multi-lap games in which groups of four are captured, even during moving.
• A Vai Lung Thlan variant is any single-lap game in which singletons are captured.
• A Kalah variant is any single-lap, multi-player game with functional endholes or stores.
• A Sungka variant is any multi-lap, multi-player game with functional endholes.
• A Tchuka Ruma variant is any solitaire game with functional endholes.

See also

Traditional mancala games

Copyright

© Wikimanqala.
By: Ralf Gering
Under the CC by-sa 2.5 license.